european recovery program

 

Furthermore, at the end of the first quarter of ECA operations, these other agencies had distributed about one-third of the program expenditures charged to it. General Undertakings; It was overseen by the Comptroller General. The Soviet Union was invited to the conference, but declined. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Marshall Plan, formally European Recovery Program, (April 1948–December 1951), U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive. While less than 10% of these people were under the Assistant Administrator for Operations, 522 were billed as administrative staff. The British were less sensitive on this point than were the French; on 19 June 1947, the British Foreign Minister announced that Europe would go ahead with work on the American proposal with or without the Soviets, since speedy action was essential. Committee members visited participating countries to study relief needs. The Soviets early on withdrew from participation in the plan, however, and were soon followed by the other eastern European nations under their influence. What is the definition of European Recovery Program? The OEEC would review action taken by individual countries and report its findings. The Assistant Deputy Director for Programs was responsible for making recommendations on OEEC proposals to the Administrator. The sectoral priorities set by the OEEC were mining, transport, manufacturing, food, housing, clothing and human necessities; these were closely mirrored in the division structure of the ECA. The estimated European foreign exchange requirement was reduced to $22 billion, $3 billion of which would be drawn from the International Bank. The Marshall Plan formed the greatest voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another known to history. But in the end Washington became cynical about the fairness and accuracy of OEEC allotments, and particularly to the reluctance of the French and others to dedicate a greater share to the German recovery. The Facility has been mandated by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) on behalf of the German ERP Special Fund . Those actions stabilized a continent riven by two world wars and exhausted by them. European Recovery Program in American English. 3. reduction of trade barriers What is the definition of European Recovery Program? Assistance and Cooperation; Paul Hoffman of Studebaker Corporation was appointed as Administrator on 9 April 1948—the architects of the Plan wanted a business leader to run the ECA. The plan contributed greatly to the rapid renewal of the western European chemical, engineering, and steel industries. The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. A division for program coordination was established. The staff in the office assisted the Administrator in policy development and operating regulations, including final review and decision on programs proposed by the participating countries and the OEEC. The European Recovery Program, as it was formally known, became known as the Marshall Plan. Yet the expenditure involved was astronomical by the standards of the time. European recovery program. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. 81-2, February 21-24, 27-28, and March 3 and 7, 1950 Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Belgium, on the other hand, advocated freedom from internal and import controls, which encouraged individual enterprise and tended to expand the European economy. Not for nothing did George C. Marshall, a professional soldier, receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. The Army was responsible for procurement in occupied areas; the Department of Labor compiled a handbook of labor statistics and manpower analyses; the Department of the Interior studied the availability of U.S. mineral resources; and the Department of Commerce compiled export statistics. Congress labored to pass the Economic Cooperation Act on 2 April 1948, and Truman signed it the following day. Considers (81) H.R. 2362. On the basis of a unified plan for western European economic reconstruction presented by a committee representing 16 countries, the U.S. Congress authorized the establishment of the European Recovery Program, which was signed into law by U.S. Pres. The Economic Cooperation Act called for the creation of an Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the ERP. The Soviet Union and its allies all the world over denounced the plan for strengthening the hold of U.S. capitalism on Western Europe; hence the Soviet Union would not become a beneficiary of the plan, nor would Moscow permit any of its satellites to participate. A handful of purists also complained because of the plan's Keynesian connotations, its refusal to leave European recovery to the free market alone. European Recovery Program - a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe ; named after George Marshall Marshall Plan. The plan provided new confidence to Western Europe; the plan furnished money, food, fuel, and machinery at a time when the Western European economies were all in disarray. It was, as Hadley Arkes has described in his book Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and the National Interest, to “progressively divest itself of its functions.” The ECA was headquartered in Washington and headed by an appointed Administrator who oversaw evaluations of the needs of participating countries and the progress of their recoveries. Under Paul G. Hoffman, the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), a specially created bureau, distributed over the next four years some $13 billion worth of economic aid, helping to restore industrial and agricultural production, establish financial stability, and expand trade. At its top level, it divides the world of legislation into fifty topically-organized Titles, and each Title is further subdivided into any number of logical subtopics. Photo Slide Show: 70th Anniversary of the Marshall Plan. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Rather than suggesting the exclusion of these commodities, the Council called for assiduous coordination of domestic policy and foreign assistance. The State Department directed interdepartmental research on commodity availability in the U.S. and balance of payments problems of foreign exchange-poor European countries. The Purpose of the ERP; 4. consideration of other sources of dollar credits, such as the International Bank By 1959 the European currencies had largely become convertible, and the EPU was replaced by the European Monetary Agreement.). The following books, available from the Hoover Press, provide additional information on the Marshall Plan: The Rebirth of the West: The Americanization of the Democratic World, 1945–1958, by Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann, and Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy, by Gregory A. Fossedal. The size of the Mission staffs varied, ranging from under ten to about 100. In defining the authority of the ECA, Congress closely followed the recommendations of a report prepared by the Brookings Institution. Books about Extension of European Recovery - 1950: Hearing . Access to Materials; In theory, any law -- or individual provisions within any law -- passed by . In 1945, the U.S.A. literally had half of the world's wealth, but, as had to be expected, the economic boom came to a sudden halt at the end of the war. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The Marshall Plan—launched in a speech delivered by Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5, 1947—is considered by many to have been the most effective ever of U.S. foreign . © 2021 by the Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. The announcement came only a few months after President Truman announced the Truman Doctrine, declaring that the United States would provide . Italy and France were about to run out of dollar reserves, and were beset with strikes and labor unrest. Indeed, the rapid . Used with permission. American isolationists resented having to spend American taxpayers' money on foreign countries that had already defaulted on their previous debts from World War I. Marshall Plan experts argued in favor of free trade, decentralized management, breaking up of cartels, the elimination of quotas and customs, and labor-saving technologies. The United States transferred over $13 billion (equivalent of about $114 billion in 2020) in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II. Antonyms for European Recovery Program. In 1945, only twenty-five thousand tractors were in use on French farms; four years later, Marshall Plan aid had put another two hundred thousand tractors in the field. hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Eightieth Congress, second session, on Jan. 16, 19-24, 26-28, 1948. Truman extended the Marshall Plan to less-developed countries throughout the world under the Point Four Program, initiated in 1949. How do you use European Recovery Program in a sentence? The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe. For Germany, the Bizonal Economic Council was the operating unit. Also available as part of the Essays in Public Policy series is "World War II and Europe", by Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann. Cartoon By D.R. The Soviets pressured Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary, also invited, to stay away from the meeting. The Office of Special Representative (OSR) was established in Paris to communicate with the OEEC. Even then, British reservations emerged as the major obstacle to efforts toward European integration. A host of U.S. technical experts, consultants, and managers also contributed their experience to Western Europe. The United States feared that the poverty, unemployment, and dislocation of the post-World War II period were reinforcing the appeal of communist parties to voters in western Europe. Though it was originally conceived as a 30-40 person staff, by 31 March 1953, the OSR staff had burgeoned to 630 Americans and 825 locals; the Paris office accounted for almost 50% of the administrative costs of the entire European operation. Entry in Force, Amendment, Duration. Post-COVID-19 Europe will be greener, more digital, more resilient and better fit for the current and forthcoming challenges. The ECA was first structured to emphasize delivery of essential supplies to Europe. In place until 1951, the Marshall Plan made possible the economic recovery of a continent devastated by World War II. The individual U.S. country missions reported to the ECA through the OSR. Download full Extension Of The European Recovery Program April 13 1949 Ordered To Be Printed books PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, Textbook, Mobi or read online Extension Of The European Recovery Program April 13 1949 Ordered To Be Printed anytime and anywhere on any device. 3. How do you use European Recovery Program in a sentence? Restriction and controls vs. expansion and freedom: The British excluded nonessential imports from their calculation in accordance with their austerity program. This saved the ECA a good deal of administrative expense. The European countries reacted quickly and enthusiastically to the Harvard speech. Consultation and Transmittal of Information; By the end of the allotted three-month period for ratification, agreements were signed with all but Turkey, the U.K., and Switzerland (an unlikely candidate for assistance, which eventually dropped its request, but remained an active OEEC participant). Missions; Your gift helps advance ideas that promote a free society. 1 synonym for European Recovery Program: Marshall Plan. The European Recovery Program, part of the Economic Recovery Act of 1948, was from its inception known by the name of its chief proponent and designer, George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State from January 1947 to January 1949. 2. When Secretary of State George Marshall presented his idea for a plan that would “help the Europeans help themselves” at Harvard on 5 June 1947, there was already a broad base of support in both the Truman Administration and in Congress. Millions of refugees from eastern Europe fleeing to the West after World War II. Two particular European objections were raised in response to the draft agreements. Report on S. 2202, a bill to promote the general welfare, national interest, and foreign policy of the United States through necessary economic and financial assistance to foreign countries which undertake to cooperate with each other in the establishment and maintenance of economic conditions essential to a peaceful and prosperous world. America produced cheaper coal (coal miners struck in Europe's coldest winter, 1946) and sent food to tide the Europeans over and then the means to revive quickly their economies through the Marshall Plan. 1. Officially known as the European Recovery Programme and passed by the US Congress in March 1948, the Marshall Plan provided unequal sums of money to an impoverished Western Europe, stopping a humanitarian disaster and helping spur long-term economic recovery. The State Department thus set out six conditions for CEEC members: 1. specific commitments regarding the fulfillment of major production programs Later the ECA tried to tie U.S. assistance more closely to country recovery policies. 10. Guarantees; Bilateral Agreements and Country Missions. Economic Cooperation Administration.] Businessmen didn't want to reconstruct competitor European industries. Committee for European Economic Cooperation originated in 1948 as the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. To benefit from the program, a European purchaser, with his national unit’s approval, requested ECA funds under the Grant Aid Plan. Canada and the U.S. later joined as associate members. George C. Marshall » The Marshall Plan » Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 » The European Recovery Program, From Harvard to Paris to Washington: Making Marshall’s Plan A Reality. sostantivo. This edition was published in 1973 by U.S. G.P.O. The OEEC created a network of transnational bodies and transnational committees to deal with specialized questions. Abbreviation: ERP, E.R.P.. It successfully insisted on close supervision of the missions, although Washington’s preference was to allow them to operate more independently. What is the meaning of European Recovery Program? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The American supplier was paid for his goods in dollars credited against the appropriated ERP funds. The Americans also delivered know-how. It is true that the European Commission's massive borrowing (€750 billion for the EU Recovery Program) has boosted the EU's supranational-level strength. European Recovery Program Poster, "Whatever the Weather, We must move together," circa 1950 On June 5, 1947, in an address at Harvard University, Secretary of State George C. Marshall advanced the idea of a European self-help program to be financed by the United States, saying. The Marshall Plan succeeded in triggering an economic recovery that achieved "the restoration of the European people towards their own country and Europe as a whole for the economic future." The latter, of course, was more in line with what the U.S. leaders wanted to promote. The future of Germany: France was deeply concerned with the consequences of German recovery, fearing a resurgent and recidivist power on its border. The 16 ERP member nations first met under the OEEC mantle in Paris on 15 April 1948 to come to the final determination of their national needs, just before the U.S. Congress passed the appropriations bill. This estimate was, however, highly suspect on two counts: statistics on annual production and exports were very poor, even for a single year; and the figures were the result of compromise among countries with different ways of measuring their needs, and which may in some cases have settled higher amounts in order to reach final agreement. Adapted from The USA and the New Europe, 1945–1993, Published by Blackwell. As in the long history of debate over the EU, they did not want to compromise national sovereignty. But rather than making the Administrator bow to the Secretary of State on all questions of foreign policy, Congress gave both equal rights to object to a proposed action, and equal access to the President as the arbiter of disputes. The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was introduced on June 5th, 1947. The latter operation was actually quite poorly staffed. Europe′an Recov′ery Pro′gram, Governmenta plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II, proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 and implemented in 1948 under the Economic Cooperation Administration. The challenges and opportunities from the pandemic in Europe are unprecedented. To do this, the purchaser’s country submitted a procurement request to the ECA, which evaluated it to see that it was within the country’s allotment. Although its niche of authority in approving ERP allotments went essentially unchallenged (save for some disputes with Paris or the country missions), ECA operations remained dependent on other agencies. The CEEC report raised concerns in the U.S. that the Europeans were interpreting the American offer as a traditional “charity” program; previous concessional programs were broadly judged to be failures. advancing ideas defining a free This did provoke some tension between the two agencies, but weekly lunches meetings for Hoffman and the Undersecretary were useful in smoothing relations. The result was four reports in late 1947 and early 1948: 1. Their system confirmed the status of the ECA as their creature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. While the Europeans were working on their programs and objectives, the U.S. government was evaluating the shape, size and feasibility of the plan that it could provide for European recovery. The ECA: Dependent and “Debureaucratized”. One area in which the ECA operated fairly independently was procurement. The European Recovery Program (ERP) was a US-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries after World War II. 8. Login 3. Synonyms for European Recovery Program in Free Thesaurus. This other program has culminated in the recom mendation by 58 nations of the world of a Charter for a proposed International Trade Organization. Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. To further ensure coordination, the ECA Administrator sat on the Cabinet-level National Advisory Council on International Financial and Monetary Problems. He signed an interim aid authorization on 17 December 1947. The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe. The European Recovery Program (ERP), as the Marshall Plan was formally named, was legislated as Title I under the Economic Cooperation Act. But the bottom line is that the pandemic is a catalyst for deepening the general crisis of the EU, which will end up in an even worse position than before. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution . Ten years after the end of the greatest war in history, Western Europe had not only fully recovered but had become far more prosperous and productive than before. The plan represented a new welfare capitalism--confident, committed to raising productivity, raising wages, expanding markets, and establishing good labor relations by depoliticizing trade unionism. That program is better known as the Marshall Plan and is the subject of a small exhibition at the Library called "For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan." Under the program, the United States provided aid to prevent starvation in the major war areas, repair the devastation of those areas as quickly as possible and . European Recovery Program (ERP) appropriations let France finance the war in Indochina at the expense of domestic reconstruction projects favoured by the European Cooperation Administration, the body in charge of administering Marshall Aid. Get this from a library! Information and translations of european recovery program in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Add to Google Calendar 01/01/1970 01/01/1970 6:00 PM America/Los_Angeles Economics vs. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. The Mission Chiefs in each country were second only to the ambassador. Council of Economic Advisers: This report studied the effect of the unforeseen export burden on domestic production, consumption, and prices. The European Recovery Program (ERP)/Marshall Plan in European Tourism The active involvement of the United States in World War II resulted in sizeable economic growth. On April 3, 1948, President Truman signed the Economic Recovery Act of 1948. Direct grants accounted for the vast majority of the aid, with the remainder in the form of loans. The three ERP goals specified by Congress were: 1. The event highlights key features of the French, Greek and EU programs, while also focusing on policies to reduce inequality. Britain and France objected to MFN status for Germany, Japan and other U.S.-occupied areas. Britain and France were the first to begin bilateral discussions, but were careful not to offend the Soviet Union. The EPU, also resisted by the British, but strongly advocated by the U.S., was one of the OEEC’s better accomplishments. Marshall suggested that the European nations themselves set up a program for reconstruction, with United States assistance. 11. European Recovery Program (ERP) The European Recovery Program (ERP), the official name of the Marshall Plan, was signed into law by President Truman on April 3, 1948. The European recipient paid for the goods in local currency which was then deposited by the government in a counterpart fund. Omissions? Congressmen only wanted to give food, not loans. Initially, in preparing the first allocations, the members seemed truly dedicated to working toward the best European solution, rather than meeting their own national priorities. Instead, the liquidity for funding European recovery was provided by a larger U.S. program called Marshall Plan. The ECA, which eventually became USAID, administered the bulk of the assistance. EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM 'EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM' is a 23 letter phrase starting with E and ending with M Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM. Above all, the Marshall Plan was designed to push Europeans toward political and economic cooperation--a major objective of U.S. policymakers. The Marshall plan, also known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), was the large-scale aid program for Europe under which the United States offered up to USD 13 billion to the Western European economies in the wake of the World War II. 3. Each country set up a National Office to liaise with the Paris OEEC headquarters and with the American ECA officer for that country. They included general political and economic provisions required by the Economic Cooperation Act and specific undertakings to establish counterpart funds and to receive special ECA missions. Become engaged in a community that shares an interest in the mission of the Hoover Institution to advance policy ideas that promote economic opportunity and prosperity, while securing and safeguarding peace for America and all mankind. The OEEC concluded that Europe needed Germany as much as Germany needed Europe The American and British Occupation Zones (the Bizone) were first added to the OEEC; the French zone was included soon thereafter. Nevertheless, the plan worked. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent the spread of communism. Presidentially Appointed Committee (Harriman Committee): This committee, led by Averell Harriman, included consultants from labor groups and private industry and economists. European recovery program. The task of the representatives at the Paris meeting was to estimate their national foreign exchange needs and come up with an estimate for the cost of a comprehensive aid program to submit to the U.S. To order, call 800-935-2882. The organization would work toward establishing a European Payments Union (EPU) to stabilize the impact of financial fluctuations on intra-European trade and lower reliance on dollar foreign exchange. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The draft CEEC report completed in August estimated that together these countries would have a $29 billion deficit over four years. The government could spend its share of the funds only after assuring the ECA with a written request that they would be properly used for recovery. 2. immediate steps to ensure internal monetary and financial stability The Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 put the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) on the statute books of the United States.' The act declares that it is the policy of the people of the United States to sustain and strengthen principles of individual liberty, free institutions, and genuine independence in Europe through assist- Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological . Soon after they met, Britain and France called a Conference of European Economic Cooperation, which convened in Paris on 12 July, 1947. Department of the Interior (Krug Report): This report evaluated the adequacy of physical resources that the plan might offer. By the time the program ended nearly four years later, the United States had provided over $12 billion for European economic recovery. A Council representing all participating countries; ['rɪˈkʌvri, rɪˈkʌvɝi'] return to an original state. In 1947, the Marshall Plan, initially known as the "European Recovery Program" was initiated. The Marshall program was a U.S. program that aided Europe following the devastating . The Marshall Plan, like NATO, created an intricate network of intra-European and transatlantic contacts among businessmen, civil servants, and trade unionists. The average was about 30. “The economy had already proved its capacity to support an export surplus in excess of that likely to arise under the aid program, and any general threat to stability in the expanding American system was to be looked for in domestic financial and economic policy rather than in foreign assistance policy.” However, inclusion of commodities in short supply could bring inflationary pressure.